L carpenter



' 2 Sheets-Sheet I. L. CARPENTER.

Elfipsograph.

No. 2,894.- Patented Dec. 31, 1842.

messes 2 Sheets Sheet 2.

L- CARPENTER.

Elli psograph.

Patented Dec. 31, 1842.

messes 4 N. PETERS. Pmwml-m n lwr} Wuhingion. D4 0.

oturnn STATES rarrnnrorrion} 1.51}

LUMAN CARPENTER, OF OSWEGO,.-NEW YORK;

COPYING-MACHINE.

Specification of Letters PatentNo. 2,894,-datediDecember 31; 1842.-

by which said principle is applied to the art of typecutting, engraving drafting, 820., which I have called Carpenters type-cutter and protra ctorg and I do hereby declare that the following is a full, clear, and exact description of the method of producing motion so discovered by me and of the machine by which the application of such motion is illustrated and the mode of making, using and constructing said machine and the mode by which the principle of said motion might be applied-to other machines for either of the purposes above specified, reference being bad to the annexed drawings foran explanation of said principle and of said machine as constituting a part of this specification.

The machine in question of which draft No. 1 heretoannexedFigure 1 is a front elevation is composed of the following principal members:

1. The compensating lever so called-by me and of which I am the inventor, its-bar is composed of two parts or an upper and lower member as exhibited in member 11 of said Fig. 1. For perfection and accuracy of work it is preferable that these parts should be made of cast steel. 7 The lower end of the upper member is bored out so as to receive the lower member (as) which is a pin neatly fitted and extending. into the upper member so as to act both freely and accurately thus constituting a lever capable of being lengthened and shortened as required in the operations of the mach'me.

porter of thetwo-rings (Fig. 4: member 6 ancl Fig. 5 member and their groove bar-s (Fig; 4' member 5 and Fig. 5 member 7 hereinafter described. It is exhibited in Inember 2' Fig. 1 and also in Fig; 3. The.

plain of itsring is'-in= a horizontal position an d is supportedby two 'mainpillars (member 3 Fig.1:)' an: end view of which is also seen in Fig; 3 member 3. These pillars stand in a perpendicular position attached to the frame of the machine; The pillars pass throughthemain bearing which slides up and down the pillars and is fastened at anydesired point of elevation by set screws.

3. The lower of the two rings (member 6 Fig. 4) and its groove bar (member 4 Fig. 4 This ring isof such dimensions: as to fitinto the ring of the-'main-bearing' (F ig. 3 member 2-)which is made just large enough to 'receive'it. This ringis made/fast tothe ring: of the main bearing by set screws fas tening it at any desired point it being: alwaysa concentric ring to thering of the main'bearing but-capable of being: revolved horizontallywithin it. AfliX-ed to this-ring is a groove bar (Fig; 4 member-'4') having an axis coincident with a diameter line of said ring. The groove :bar for the conven- As this ring 1-; I

is; concentric to themain bearing it is conE-fi cea -l'od by'it in Fig; 1 but is exhibited. in

Fig. 4. The groove bar attached: to this ring is marked a in that figure and HllSOjjlI1- The-space or aperture of said groove, a bar ismade'just large enough -to enable'the bar of the lever 'to'movein itwith freedom 1 Fig; 1.

and accuracy. m V 4. Attached to this groove bar is apara-llel groove bar marked 12 Figaljlying in y the same plain with it and suspendedflfromiit by two pi llars'rnarked lii lfi Fig. 1 which are firmly attached'to this parallel groove but at their-lower ends and to the groove bar 7 above described at their upper'ends.

The aperture of this parallel groove bar is like the one above described" made just large" enough for thelever to move in it with freedom and accuracyzbut is of course made longer as it is-farthe'r from the center of one at each corner.

.levers motion but its office is to assist in keeping the groove bar of the lower ring above described parallel to its own axis.

5. The upper of the two rings and its groove bar marked (5) in Fig. 1 and represented in Fig.- 5. This ring is supported by two pillars (Z) Z Fig. 1 and an end View of them is seen in a, a, Fig. 5). These pillars are attached firmly to, and extend from opposite points in the circumference of said ring and made to slide up and down vertically through the lower ring above described and thus made capable of being elevated above the lower ring and let down so as to rest upon it as may be required in the various operations of the machine. It is fastened at any desired elevation by setscrews (Z) 6 Fig. 4) from the interior of the lower ring. Its groove bar (marked 7 in Fig. 5) is supported by two projections (c Fig. 1 and b, 7), Fig. 5) proceeding from opposite points of the lower edge of the ring.

These projections extend downward from the ring far enough to form an axis to the groove bar which will be exactly on a level with the axis of the groove bar of the lower ring when the upperring islet down so as to rest on the lower ring so that when the two rings are in this position their axes are on the same level with each other. The upper ring should be small enough to allow its projections above described to pass down within the lower ring when the axes of the two groove bars are brought on a level with each other. The groove bar of the upper ring is at all times at right angles with the groove bar of the lower ring and the aperture of the groove bar of the upper ring should like that of the groove bar of the lower ring be just large enough to enable the lever to move in it with freedom and accuracy. The lever passes through the apertures of three groove bars above described and has its upper end fastened by an alternate joint (Fig. 7 and a Fig. 1) to a projection (Fig. 14 and a Fig. 11) from a runboard (Fig. 11) attached to the square hereinafter described and thus imparts to said square the combined motion hereinafter explained.

'6. The oblong carriage, a side view of which is seen in No. 8Fig. 1 and a perpendicular view in Fig. 9. It rests in a horizontal position upon four ways ((Z (l 1) Its length should exceed its breadth by the extent of its required motioni ts ofiice is to: carry the square hereinafter described which rests upon it in the direction of its shortestsides. The motion of the oblong is governed by two guides (an end view of which is marked 4 Fig. 2). These guides are placed on a bed piece (Fig. 2 marked 3) attached to the frame and pass under the cent-er of the longest sides of the oblong for the purpose of keeping the motion of the oblong parallel to the frame of the machine. The extent of this motion is limited by the scope of the lever and is always coincident in its direction with its shortest sides:

7. The square above mentioned resting on the oblong. A side view of this square is seen in No. 18 Fig. 1 and a perpendicular view in Fig. 10. It is carried by the oblong as above described. For the convenience of operation it should be equal to the breadth of the oblong and all its sides are coincident with, or parallel to the corresponding sides of the oblong. It has also a motion independent of the oblong and runs on four ways one at each corner. An edge view of these ways is seen in Fig. 9 and marked (a, a, a, a. The squares relative motion to the oblong is governed by two guides (Fig. 11, 10, 10) anedge view of which is also seen in Fig. 15. In the drawing accompanying this specification these guides project from a run board into a groove cut in a slat for that purpose afiixed to the oblong. These guides might be otherwise constructed but they should be located in a line passing through the center of the square and lengthwise through the center of the oblong and parallel to its longest sides. Their oflice is to compel the square to move at right angles with the motion of the oblong so that the action of the lever as regulated'by the axes of the two groovebars combined through the alternate joint at its upper end communicates an impulse to the square which impulse the square is enabled to obey through the agency of the guides and runners of the oblong and square above described. This through the joint agency of the guides of the square and of the oblong, the square will move in any horizontal direction which it may receive from the projection at its center through the agency of the lever. A motion may thus be given to said square alternate in its direction to any motion which theoperator may choose to give to the lower end of the lever.

For the purpose of applying said ma chine to the business of tppe cutting or engraving, the drawing hereto annexed is provided with sixteen as a convenient number of spindles. These spindles are marked (D) in Fig. 1 and a top view of them is represented in Fig. 8 together with the frames in which they are confined. These frames lie in a horizontal position and parallel to each other and of equal dimensions to the length and breadth of the frame of the machine. They are far enough apart to accommodate any suitable length of the perpendicular spindles which are placed in them. These spindles run in boxes attached to the bars of the frames.

distance apart and are confined in the frame of the machine by ways (Fig. 2 marked 5, 5, 5, 5,) these ways are fastened on the corner posts ofthe" said frame. The frames rest on four graduating wheels one at each corner that are fastened on two horizontal shafts. Fig. 12 represents a view of one of these shaft-sand an edge or side view of the graduating wheels fastened on it and Fig. 13 is a circumference View ofone of said graduating wheels. These wheels are so graduated as to elevate or let down the frames containing the spindles the required distance while cutting and engraving. The ends of 'theseshafts project out at the rear side of the frame so as to receive a hori zontallever. These levers are all of equal length and extend toward and nearly approach each other at the center of the rear side of the frame as is represented in Fig. 7 which is a front elevation of the rear side of the frame in which L, L, representsthese horizontal levers. To the end of these levers is attached a perpendicular connecting rod M, M, which intersects the cross head N. The cross head is fastened on .a pipe and slides up and down on arod P, which is affixed to the frame of the machine. Also to the pipe 0, is attached the spiral scale R, which operates on two rods T,"T. The ofiice of these levers is to turn by a simultaneous and equal motion the four graduating wheels attached as above described to the two horizontal shafts so as to raise or let down the horizontal frames as may be necessary in the operation of themachine.

For the convenience of operation these levers may be raised or let down by *thezpressure of the foot on atreadle marked T, Fig. 7, at the rear base of the machine by two cords S, 5, extending from the spring scale over pulleys (p, p, 12, 17,10, p, Fig. 7, and p, p, Fig. 1'). Said two cords being extended over'the pulleys in Fig. 7, then carried forward to the two .pulleys in Fig. 1 representing the front of the machine, and then carried to each end of the treadle, Fig. 7.

*In the center of these horizontal frames is a perpendicular shaft (-70, Fig. 1, for an endview of it see 70, Fig. 8), having its lower pivot (0", Fig. 1) resting on a bed 'piece (8, :Fig. 1) fastened-to the lower frame. Also on said shaft between the two horizontal frames is placed a drum (-F, Fig. 1), the office of which is to drive the spindles. This drum as exhibited in the accompanying drawing has four creases each of which receives a band that drives four spindles. These bands pass around the pulleys of the spindles driven 'by them and are soadjusted that the pulley of the several spindles is on 65 the same lever withthe crease which re- The two frames are made fast to each other at the requisite half in the other direction.

ceives the band driving those spindles so .1

-a direction as to cause one-half of the spindles to revolve in onedirection and the other The spindles in the accompanying drawing (Fig. 1)

and also perpendicular view, Fig. 8, are

arranged for convenience in the form of a solid square composed of four tiers of spindles having four spindles in a tier. These spindles may be increased or decreased in number or changed in position at pleasure as may be found convenient in applying the mechanical principle herein defined to any operation to which it is applicable. The above mentioned shaft is continued through V theupper horizontal frame and terminates in a' box aiiixed to a bar marked T ('Fig. 1). This bar is sufiiciently elevated above the upper horizontal frame to enable the said shaftto receive a pulley marked Q, Fig. 1, to be located immediately above the upper horizontal frame so as to be in a situation to receive a belt from any given-power which drives the shaft and with it the spinoflice of the spiral tightener is to render the strain of the band uniform. v

The spindles are each drilled out at the lower end so as to receive a cutter which is inserted and fastened by a set screw firm. to the spindle at any desired point. The cutters are marked 0) in Fig. 1. 'For con};- venience they should be made of different 1, 1 sizes and shapes as may be required in theft; different operations of the machine.

In the square hertofore described are con- 'tained eight bars, being two to each tier of j spindles, marked TV in Fig. 10. Each bar has a suitable projection upward marked" v (a) to enable it the better to hold in a-firm position the type blocks to be cut orjthe material to be engraved. The type blocks or material should beheld by the bars and their projections in a steady positionand thus enable each cutter to performa similar and simultaneous execution on the'block or v tabletsubjected to its operation. Thesebars have four slats (marked 0, c, 0, c, Fig. 1O) 3 passing through them in a mortise at right angles to the bars of said slats and near each end as is represented in Fig. 10. These slats V are fastened by a 'pin to each alternate bar, in the manner represented in Fig."-1O,in;1 d

which the pins are represented by dots. There are also four screws marked (0), two on each side, passing through the outside of the square and likewise through the first bar and operating in a nut in the second bar so that the turning of the screws on either side or" the square (for example, the screws at the lower side of Fig. 10) forward will shut the bars, inasmuch as it draws the bars 2, 4, 6, and 8 toward the head of the screws while the bars 1, 3, 5 and 7 remain stationary and turning them backward will in like manner open the bars. The object of having a set of screws at each of the two sides of the square is for the convenience of the machine in its vari ous operations.

At the bottom of the machine is a cross piece or slat (marked 19, Fig. 1) passing through the center of its base. The use of this slat is to receive the pattern or design to be represented, so that when the machine is in operation the operator traces with the lower end of the compensating lever above described the outlines of the pattern which is represented under each of the spindles in the square above described.

To exemplify the powers of this machine in the business of type cutting let the pattern or design of any letter (say the letter 11 marked at in Fig. 1) be aflixed horizontally to the slator cross piece above described (19 Fig. 1) having its center directly under the points of the lever (H Fig. 1) when standing in a perpendicular attitude. Also let one block to each spindle of any size designed to be cut be fastened by the bars of the square in the manner above described with its center directly under each of the cutters of the spindles. Let the spindles be then set in motion at a suitable speed by given power applied to the pulley (marked 2 Fig. 1) in the perpendicular shaft above described (H Fig. 1) then let the horizontal frames be lowered down just so far that the cutters of the spindles in their operations will excavate to the required depth in cutting out the type. Let the operator at the same time with the lower end of the compensating lever (H Fig. 1) trace the outlines of the pattern (a Fig. 1). In doing so the cutters of the spindles will remove the wood which is brought in contact with them by the motion of the square in imitating the motion of the lower point of the lever. This imitating motion of the square will be either similar to that of the lower point of the lever cutting the type into exact copies of the pattern either on a greater or less scale, or it will be an imitation regulated by the laws of perspective at any given angle of view according to the relative position of the two axes of the groove bars as hereinafter explained.

To place the machine in a copying position so that the figure cut will be an exact simile of the pattern let the upper ring (5 Fig. 1) be let down so as to rest on the lower ring (2 Fig. 1) and thus bring the axes (c Fig. 1) of the two groove bars (7 Fig. 5 and 4 Fig. 4) inthe same horizontal plane with each other. This position of these two axes brings the center line of their motion into the same horizontal plane crossing each other at right angles atthe center of the lever and by thus uniting the simply sliding the upper ring Fig. l)

upward from its copying position above described to the desired degree of elevation.

By thus elevating the axes of motion ofthe' upper groove bar (7 Fig. 5) above the am's of motion of the nether groove bar (4: Fig.

l) the relative motion of the square is de-. creased in proportion as the fulcrum of such motion is brought nearer the alternate joint at the upper end of the fulcrum. The two fulcrums of the levers motion being thus removed from each other the square will 'move so as to describe an ellipsis while the lower end of the compensating lever is describing a circle. The eccentricity of the ellipsis thus described will be regulated by the distance which the two fulcrums of motion are removed from each other. By the same principle of this compounded mot-ion of the lever the pattern of a plain letter such for instance as the letter u will be condensed or extended in the types cut by the machine to any required proportion. In order to do this the base of the pattern of the pro-posed letter should for convenience be placed parallel to the bars which hold the type block, then in cutting a con densed type let the lower ring be turned in the main bearing until its groove bar is brought in a line parallel to the base of the pat-tern, but in cutting extended type (with the pattern remaining in the same position) let the lower ring be turned until its groove bar is brought in a line at right angles with the base of the pattern.

In cutting slanting type from the same plain pattern, turn the lower ring until its groove bar (4t Fig. 4) lies in a line making an angle of about 45 with the sides of the square, then move the lower end of the lever back and forth in such a direction as to produce a mot-ion in the oblong without creating any relative motion in the square. Vhen the direction of this motion of the lever is ascertained turn the'pattern of the letter until its base is brought parallel to such direction of the lever. The object of bringing the pattern in this position is a matter of convenience as it brings the base of the type when out parallel to the bars in which the type blocks are confined. In this position slanting letters will be cut in the type blocks by tracing the pattern of the plain letter with the lower end of the com pensating lever as before. By this mode type may be cut to slant either way. When the direct slant is intended to be given to the type to be cut the lower ring should be turned in reverse of the suns motion so as to bring its groove bar from its parallel position to the bars which hold the type to the said angle of about forty-five degrees. When the reverse slant is intended to be given the lower ring should receive a similar turn with the suns motion instead'of against it and the same rule is to be observed. in placing the patterns as above described.

The quantity or degree of slant whether direct or reverse will like the eccentricity of the ellipses depend on the distance which the two fulcrums of motion are removed from each other.

Then the machine is employed in cutting condensed type or extended type cutters should be provided for the spindles tocut the fine or hair lines of the type of such a reduced size as would be adapted to the condensed side of the type or the conjugate diameter of the circumscribing ellipses.

In the natural operations of the machine when employed in cutting condensed or 6X- tended type the fashion of these type being regulated by the principles of perspective the hair lines which run lengthwise or transversely in the circumscribing ellipses of the i type are proportionally condensed in their breadth with the other parts of the type while the hair lines that run at right angles with these lines are not condensed and will consequently be larger in the type than those running lengthwise while the lines that run obliquely will participate in the condensing principles according to the proximity ofv their direction to the transverse or lengthwise lines of the type. In case it should be desired to change this fashion by equalizing the breadth of all the hair lines of the type it may readily be done thus, after the type is out as above described and without unfastening it from the bars let the pattern be moved in either direction at right angles from the axes of the groove bar of the lower ring the required distance, then retrace the outlines of the pattern of the letter in its new position with the lower end of the compensating lever and so doing the hair lines will all be reduced to an equal breadth.

cutting grotesque type'of any given fashion from the same plain pattern. The grotesque type so cut may have its sides broken or refracted either horizontally, perpendicularly, or in any intermediate direction and the lines of refraction may pass either through the centerzof the type" (as they usually do) orv at any assigned distance from the cent-er. The breaking or refracting angles of' the type so cut may also be of any given degree of obliquity. The mode in which this operation is performed by the machine is as follows. Let the machine be set in the manner above directed for cutting slanting type so that the slant will be equal to one half the required angle of refraction of the grotesque type to be out. Then draw a visible line across the face of the pattern of the plain letter in such a direction as is proposed for the line of refraction in the grotesque type to be cut then with the spindles in motion trace with the compensating lever that part of the pattern which lies on one side of the visible line in all its parts up to that line; After this is done turn the lower ring round so that its groove bar may be at right angles to its former position so as to make a reverse slant equal to the direct one, then with the compensating lever trace the other part of the pattern in all its parts up to the said Visible line. This will produce a type with a part of its face slanting one way and the other partthe other way. In applying the machine to the business of drafting whether it be copying or perspecon the square on the upper side of which which the drawing is to be inscribed. For

mended to remove the horizontal frames and their spindles and substitute a bar or slat to hold the drafting pen or pencil This bar or slat should be sufiiciently heavy to hold the pin or pencil steady and maybe moved may be required to bring the pen or pencil at any desired point on the paper. The pen or pencil should have such a spring or degree of elasticity as to enable it to produce a thus draw a uniform line. Vhen it is intended to copy, the machine should be placed in the copying position as above described, the pattern or design is then laid on the slat as described above in type cutting,then with the lower end of the compensating lever steadily and carefully trace over the outlines of the pattern or design and while doing so the pen or pencil being stationary marks out a copy of the pattern or design on the paper as it is moved around by the square.

This machine may also be employed in.

should be tacked or sealed the paper on the convenience of the operation it is recom-- or laid on the frame in any position that;

tive drawing a plain board should be laid.

gentle and equal pressure on the paper and In perspective drafting whenever a circle or the arc of a circle is to be drafted it will of course be represented in an elliptical form the eccentricity of which will depend as above explained on the distance which the axes of the two groove bars are placed from each other.

Instead of using circles or arcs of circles for patterns a horizontal sweep may be provided with a slide to receive the lower end of the compensating lever. One end of the sweep should be fastened by a pivot at the point directly under the lever while standing perpendicular around which the sweep may revolve, the object of the slide is to move the lower end of the compensating lever to any given distance from the-center and thus enable it to describe a circle or the arc of a circle of any given diameter. Vith the pattern of one of the teeth of a proposed gear wheel fastened at the proper point to the side of the sweep above described a perspective view of that wheel may be drawn in mathematical perfection by tracing the lower end of the compensating lever around the pattern of the tooth, then with the toot-11 pattern still fastened in the sweep revolve the sweep just far enough to bring the tooth pattern to the proper place to represent the the two groove bars so as to constitute two combined and variable axes of motion to the compensating lever.

2. The combination and adjustment of the square and oblong with the two groove bars so as to impart the motion of the lower end of the compensating lever to the square according to the principles explained in the above specification.

LUMAN CARPENTER.

Witnesses:

J. BROWN,

D. H. SUMMERS, JOHN LESTER.

V 1. The construction and combination of 

